Course contents document · Writing & Media Electives · generated 2026-08-08

Journalism & News Writing

16 core topics + 66 prerequisite topics taught as needed · approximately 26 hours of instruction including spaced review

How the course runs

An adaptive diagnostic (up to 40 questions) places the student on the course's knowledge graph - topics already known are credited, and instruction begins exactly at the learning frontier. Every topic is taught with a worked-example lesson and auto-graded practice; a topic is mastered at 75%+ and then maintained through spaced reviews on an expanding schedule. Mixed checks follow every 6 lessons; each unit ends with a 12-item quiz, and course-wide assessments appear at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% mastery. Prerequisite gaps below the course are detected and taught rather than skipped, so completion certifies the whole tower, not just the top.

Core curriculum

The Rhetorical Situation · 8 topics

Exigence: What Made This Necessary [H] Identify the pressure that called a text into being, and separate it from the occasion.
The Audience Under the Audience [H] Tell apart who a text is addressed to, who it is written for, and who is meant to overhear it.
The Speaker Is a Construction [H] Describe the version of a writer that a text builds, and why that version fits the situation.
Stated Purpose and Working Purpose [H] Separate what a text says it is doing from the job it is actually built to do.
What the Writer Was Not Free to Say [H] Find the limits a situation places on a text, and read what those limits shaped.
Kairos: Why Now [H] Judge how a text's timing changes what it can accomplish.
The Shape the Medium Demands [H] Explain how the form a text is delivered in changes what it can and cannot do.
When a Text Changes Situations [H] Track what happens to a text's meaning when it is carried out of the situation it was written for.

Journalism & News Writing · 8 topics

The Lede and What It Promises [H] Read a news lede for the fact it selects and the story it obligates the rest of the piece to deliver.
How a News Story Is Stacked [H] Explain why a news story is ordered by a reader's need rather than by time, and predict what disappears when it is cut.
Who Says So [H] Trace every sentence in a report to what the reporter saw, what a document says, or what a person claimed - and notice when a verb adds a judgment.
On the Record, and What Anonymity Costs [H] Weigh a source by the condition they spoke under, the reason they are unnamed, and what the paper did besides take their word.
What a Quotation Is For [H] Decide when a speaker's exact words earn their space and when a paraphrase serves the reader better.
News, Analysis, Editorial, Column [H] Tell the four kinds of newspaper writing apart from the sentences themselves rather than from the label above them.
Balance, Weight and the Manufactured Middle [H] Separate how much space each side of a story receives from what stands behind each side's claims, and name what the reporting has not settled.
Names, Harm and What a Paper Owes Afterward [H] Judge a newsroom decision by what it costs the person it lands on, what it gives the reader, and whether the paper disclosed that it made a choice.

Prerequisite material - taught automatically when the diagnostic finds gaps

High-Frequency Words & Sight Vocabulary · 2 topics
Recognizing High-Frequency Words Know the most common words on sight, instantly.
High-Frequency Words in Sentences Use common words correctly inside a real sentence.
Print Concepts & Early Comprehension · 1 topics
Listening Comprehension Understand a story that is read out loud to you.
Sentence & Capitalization Basics · 2 topics
What Makes a Sentence Tell a complete sentence from a group of words.
Naming Part and Telling Part Split a sentence into who it is about and what happens.
Context Clues (Grades 2-3) · 5 topics
When the Sentence Just Tells You Find a word's meaning written into the sentence itself.
A Nearby Word That Means the Same Use a synonym elsewhere in the passage to unlock a word.
When a Contrast Points the Other Way Use a contrast word to work out the opposite meaning.
Working Back From Examples Use a list of examples to work out the category.
When There Is No Clue Word Work out a meaning from the whole situation.
Figurative Language & Idioms · 2 topics
Noticing When Words Are Not Literal Tell when a sentence is not meant exactly as written.
Working Out What It Really Means Say in plain words what a figure of speech is telling you.
Main Idea & Supporting Details · 6 topics
Topic or Main Idea? Tell what a text is about from what it says about it.
Finding the Main Idea Say in one sentence what a whole text is telling you.
Main Ideas That Are Not Written Down Work out the main idea when no sentence states it.
Details That Back It Up Find the fact in a text that supports a particular idea.
Writing a Summary Retell a text keeping only what matters.
Telling a Detail from the Main Idea Spot the sentence that is only a detail.
Text Structure in Nonfiction · 8 topics
Words That Give the Shape Away Spot the words and sentences that tell you how a nonfiction text is organized.
Description: Groups, Parts and Kinds Recognize a text that describes one thing closely or sorts things into kinds.
Sequence: Time Order and Steps Follow a text built on the order things happen or the order they are done.
Compare and Contrast Read a text that sets two things side by side and says how they are alike and different.
Cause and Effect Trace a text where each thing described makes the next thing happen.
Problem and Solution Read a text that states a difficulty and then what was done about it.
Naming the Structure of a Whole Text Decide which structure a whole passage is built on, and notice when it uses more than one.
Why the Writer Chose That Shape Explain what a text's structure does for the reader, and what would be lost in another shape.
Author's Purpose & Point of View · 7 topics
Why the Author Wrote It Name what a text was built to do, not just what it is about.
The Evidence for a Purpose Point to the move in the text that proves what the writer wanted.
Who It Was Written For Work out the reader a text was aimed at, and how you can tell.
The Author's Point of View Say what the writer thinks about the subject, even when no opinion is stated.
Words That Take a Side Notice how a writer's wording steers what a reader concludes.
Facts, Judgments, and Honest Uncertainty Sort what can be checked from what is argued, and spot a writer naming their own limits.
Two Writers, One Subject Compare two texts on one subject and find the exact point where they part.
Integrating Multiple Sources · 8 topics
What Your Sources Are Really About State the one question a set of sources is answering, precisely enough to compare them.
Where Sources Agree Find the ground two sources share before you look at where they split.
Where Sources Disagree Locate the exact sentence where two sources stop agreeing.
A Fact Fight or a Meaning Fight Tell whether two sources disagree about what happened or about what it means.
What Each Source Chose to Include Notice what one source puts first, and what another leaves out entirely.
Choosing the Source That Can Answer It Match a question to the source that is actually able to answer it.
Building One Answer from Several Sources Write one sentence that holds everything the sources support and nothing more.
What None of the Sources Tells You Name the question your sources leave open, and what would answer it.
Reading in Social Studies: American History (2-4) · 3 topics
The Main Idea of a History Text Find what a history passage is really about.
Evidence in a History Text Point to the detail that actually proves a claim.
Whose Story Is Being Told Notice whose point of view a history text takes, and who is missing.
Reading in Social Studies: American History (5-6) · 3 topics
Reading a Source Like a Historian Ask who made a source, when, and what they wanted it to do.
Claims and the Evidence Under Them Separate what a history text asserts from what it shows.
When Sources Disagree Compare accounts of the same event instead of trusting one.
Sentence Types, Fragments & Run-Ons · 1 topics
Spotting a Fragment Tell when a group of words stops before it is a sentence.
Writing Strong Sentences · 2 topics
Knowing When You Have a Sentence Tell a finished sentence from a piece of one.
Saying More Than the Bare Fact Add detail that answers a question a reader would ask.
Paragraphs & Topic Sentences · 2 topics
The Sentence the Others Are About Find or choose the sentence a paragraph is built on.
Details That Actually Support Choose detail that backs the claim you made.
Opinion & Argument Writing · 4 topics
A Claim or a Fact? Tell a position someone could argue with from a fact they could check.
The Reason Under a Claim Find the sentence that says why a position holds.
Evidence That Actually Proves It Tell measured evidence from a stronger way of repeating an opinion.
Answering the Other Side Answer the strongest objection instead of talking past it.
Informative & Explanatory Writing · 5 topics
Explaining or Arguing? Tell a sentence that explains from one that argues, tells a story, or gives orders.
Saying What You Will Explain Open a report with a sentence that says what about the subject will be explained.
Putting Facts Where They Belong Group related facts under the heading that answers the same question.
Sentences That Add Something Develop a point with real information instead of repeating it louder.
Your Own Words, the Same Facts Restate a source's fact in your own wording without changing it.
Research & Reference Skills · 5 topics
A Question Worth Researching Turn a subject into a question that sources can actually settle.
Does This Source Answer My Question? Tell a source that answers your question from one that merely shares it.
Who Wrote It, and Why Weigh a source by its author, its date and its purpose.
Notes in Your Own Words Take a note that carries the idea without carrying the sentence.
Naming Where It Came From Record a source completely enough that a reader could find it.

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